Kubernetes installation on Centos

Kubernetes is a Orchestration mechanism for running your container infrastructure on linux based machines.
In this tutorial we will be looking at the server based kubernetes installation on centos7 linux server OS.

Installing the kubernetes minimum requirements

Have 2 CPU cores with 2 GB or more RAM.

Have the swap memory disabled.

The swap memory can be disabled using the swapoff -a command.

Now, Lets take a look at the prerequisites to perform a kubernetes installation:

The Docker as the runtime container engine.
We make sure that the docker is already installed on the system.

[root@node01 ~]# docker --version
Docker version 1.13.1, build b2f74b2/1.13.1

Ensure you are loggedin as the root user to the machine to perform the remaining procedure.
We now start of the Kubernetes installation by adding the yum repo as demonstrated below:

STEP 1:

[root@node01 ~]# cat <<EOF > /etc/yum.repos.d/kubernetes.repo
> [kubernetes]
> name=Kubernetes
> baseurl=https://packages.cloud.google.com/yum/repos/kubernetes-el7-x86_64
> enabled=1
> gpgcheck=1
> repo_gpgcheck=1
> gpgkey=https://packages.cloud.google.com/yum/doc/yum-key.gpg https://packages.cloud.google.com/yum/doc/rpm-package-key.gpg
> EOF

Now update the repositories with yum update command:

# yum update
-- OUTPUT TRUNCATED --
kubernetes/signature                                                                                                                             |  454 B  00:00:00     
Retrieving key from https://packages.cloud.google.com/yum/doc/yum-key.gpg
Importing GPG key 0xA7317B0F:
 Userid     : "Google Cloud Packages Automatic Signing Key <[email protected]>"
 Fingerprint: d0bc 747f d8ca f711 7500 d6fa 3746 c208 a731 7b0f
 From       : https://packages.cloud.google.com/yum/doc/yum-key.gpg
Is this ok [y/N]: y
Retrieving key from https://packages.cloud.google.com/yum/doc/rpm-package-key.gpg
-- OUTPUT TRUNCATED --

Till this step the repository addition is complete.

STEP2:

We now Hop onto the proposed Kubernetes master server, proceed with setup of the kubenetes master and Container cluster management components..
Downloading the kubernetes master and the kubernetes network interface binaries to configure the kubernetes master.
The yum package manager offer the following components which have to installed as dependencies to configure the kubernetes-master.

We should do some configuration before hand to enable the bridging net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables

Enabling the bridging on the master node by adding the following to /etc/sysctl.d/kubernetes.conf. Create this file under /etc/sysctl.d

[root@node01 ~]# cat /etc/sysctl.d/kubernetes.conf
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-ip6tables = 1
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables = 1

Or else we might run into errors like the one as follows:

[ERROR FileContent--proc-sys-net-bridge-bridge-nf-call-iptables]: /proc/sys/net/bridge/bridge-nf-call-iptables contents are not set to 1

Now run the below command to read the new bridging rules.

# sysctl --system

Disabling SELINUX on the kubernetes master

We need to ensure the selinux is disabled for the purpose of simplifying the installation, You may encounter many cases where the selinux context obstructing the kublet to send the information to the kube-controller and kube-scheuler

[vamshi@node01 ~]$ sudo setenforce 0

Setting it to 0 using setenforce will set the selinux to permissive mode, and Verify it with the getenforce will display the results.

[vamshi@node01 ~]$ sudo getenforce 
Permissive

To make the SELINUX rules persistent across the reboot you need to modify its configuration file

[root@node01 ~]# sed -i 's/SELINUX=enabled/SELINUX=disabled/' /etc/selinux/config 
[root@node01 ~]# cat /etc/selinux/config 

# This file controls the state of SELinux on the system.
# SELINUX= can take one of these three values:
#     enforcing - SELinux security policy is enforced.
#     permissive - SELinux prints warnings instead of enforcing.
#     disabled - No SELinux policy is loaded.
SELINUX=disabled
# SELINUXTYPE= can take one of three values:
#     targeted - Targeted processes are protected,
#     minimum - Modification of targeted policy. Only selected processes are protected. 
#     mls - Multi Level Security protection.
SELINUXTYPE=targeted

STEP3

Now lets shift our focus onto the Kubernetes and see the following core components of Kubernetes:

  • kube-apiserver
  • kube-controller-manager
  • kube-scheduler
  • kubelet
  • kube-proxy

 

We shall now beign installing kubeadm and kubernetes-cni

# yum install kubeadm kubernetes-cni

Here we have marked the kubernetes-cni because of the network components which goes along well with the kubernetes network scope management.

The important component is kubeadm which presides over the kubernetes cluster initialization.
To access the kubernetes we need the we need to install the kubectl, Although It will installed along with kubernetes-client package and if required can be install with the following command:

# yum install kubectl

 

STEP 4: Your Kubernetes worker Node

This is exclusive for the worker nodes which will be connected to the working kubernetes master.
STEP 1 is required to setup on the worker node so we can install and configure the kubernetes-node binary.
We will download the kubernetes-node Binaries from the yum package manager.

# yum install kubernetes-node kubernetes-client

STEP 5: Enabling the Full potential on the control-plane

The important step to enable and start the core kubernetes master services.
Here are the core important kubernetes services in the control-plane.

 kube-apiserver
 kube-controller-manager
 kube-scheduler

The Below services contributes on the data-plane or the worker-nodes and are also important on the contol-plane

 kubelet
 kube-proxy

The important configuration files on the kubernetes master:

  • /etc/kubernetes/manifests
  • /etc/kubernetes/pki

The important config files are:

  • /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf
  • /etc/kubernetes/kubelet.conf
  • /etc/kubernetes/bootstrap-kubelet.conf
  • /etc/kubernetes/controller-manager.conf
  • /etc/kubernetes/scheduler.conf

The stateful data directories in Kubernetes are as below:

  • /var/lib/etcd
  • /var/lib/kubelet
  • /var/lib/dockershim
  • /var/run/kubernetes
  • /var/lib/cni

 

Now we initialize the kubernetes with kubeadm as we see as follows:

kubeadm init --apiserver-advertise-address [preferred-master-node-ip-address|FQDN]

With the kubernetes successfully configured as follows you can begin digging deep onto the setup.

[addons] Applied essential addon: CoreDNS
[addons] Applied essential addon: kube-proxy

Your Kubernetes control-plane has initialized successfully!

To start using your cluster, you need to run the following as a regular user:

  mkdir -p $HOME/.kube
  sudo cp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf $HOME/.kube/config
  sudo chown $(id -u):$(id -g) $HOME/.kube/config

You should now deploy a pod network to the cluster.
Run "kubectl apply -f [podnetwork].yaml" with one of the options listed at:
  https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/addons/

Then you can join any number of worker nodes by running the following on each as root:

kubeadm join 10.100.0.10:6443 --token 123jei.123456783n6o8bq \
    --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:12345678906bff25a6d132a539e87321833181

Upon the successful installation you should see the following information with the client and the server version information:

Copy the kubeconfig file from the path /etc/kubernetes/config to the desired home directory under .kube/config

[root@node01 ~]# kubectl version
Client Version: version.Info{Major:"1", Minor:"15", GitVersion:"v1.15.1", GitCommit:"4485c6f18cee9a5d3c3b4e523bd27972b1b53892", GitTreeState:"clean", BuildDate:"2019-07-18T09:18:22Z", GoVersion:"go1.12.5", Compiler:"gc", Platform:"linux/amd64"}
Server Version: version.Info{Major:"1", Minor:"15", GitVersion:"v1.15.0", GitCommit:"e8462b5b5dc2584fdcd18e6bcfe9f1e4d970a529", GitTreeState:"clean", BuildDate:"2019-06-19T16:32:14Z", GoVersion:"go1.12.5", Compiler:"gc", Platform:"linux/amd64"}

STEP 6: Initialize the Networking in Kubernetes

Here we enable the kubernetes networking with the preferred network provider:

kubectl apply -f https://docs.projectcalico.org/v3.11/manifests/calico.yaml

We should be able to get the nodes

[root@node01 ~]# kubectl get nodes
NAME STATUS ROLES AGE VERSION
master.linuxcent.com Ready master 3h7m v1.18.2

Common Errors during the setup:

There can be some common errors during the installation I have faced and able to reproduce them in-order to find a quick resolution.

The kubelet is unhealthy due to a misconfiguration of the node in some way (required cgroups disabled)
[E0509 9645 kubelet_node_status.go:92] Unable to register node

If you encounter the above error, then please ensure the following things:
Ensure that you have the kubelet service running,
The selinux is in disabled state. and then reinitialize, kubeadm reset and then kubeadm init command.

There may be errors related to the DNS not functioning:

Warning  FailedScheduling    default-scheduler  0/1 nodes are available: 1 node(s) had taint {node.kubernetes.io/not-ready: }, that the pod didn't tolerate.
runtime network not ready: NetworkReady=false reason:NetworkPluginNotReady message:docker: network plugin is not ready: cni config uninitialized

Then it definetly needs to apply the kubernetes networking plugin, please choose the calico or Weavenet or your preferred network plugin and apply those components.

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